In his seminal essay Nurturance in the Andes, Grimaldo Rengifo Vásquez reflects on his early experiences with the use of the Freire literacy program in indigenous communities in northern Peru. He describes in detail how the peasants responded to the program's steps to explain the difference between culture and nature, which is part of a literacy-based form of consciousness. Rengifo then juxtaposes the individualism promoted by Freire's literacy program, its emphasis on individualized perspective, as well as its separation of humans from nature, with the Quechua world view. He emphasizes that in the latter, all relationships, including those between deities, humans and nature, are nurturing relationships, and thereby questions the usefulness of the Western cultural assumptions of the Freire model in the context of Quechua communities.